# Gas and Fees
Learn about the differences between Gas and Fees in Ethereum and Cosmos.
# Pre-requisite Readings
The concept of Gas represents the amount of computational effort required to execute specific operations on the state machine.
Gas was created on Ethereum to disallow the EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) from running infinite loops by allocating a small amount of monetary value into the system. A unit of gas, usually in a form as a fraction of the native coin, is consumed for every operation on the EVM and requires a user to pay for these operations. These operations consist in state transitions such as sending a transaction or calling a contract.
Exactly like Ethereum, Cosmos utilizes the concept of gas and this is how Cosmos tracks the resource usage of operations during execution. Operations on Cosmos are represented as read or writes done to the chain's store.
In Cosmos, a fee is calculated and charged to the user during a message execution. This fee is calculated from the sum of all gas consumed in an message execution:
In both networks, gas is used to make sure that operations do not require an excess amount of computational power to complete and as a way to deter bad-acting users from spamming the network.
# Cosmos SDK Gas
In the Cosmos SDK, gas is tracked in the main GasMeter and the BlockGasMeter:
GasMeter: keeps track of the gas consumed during executions that lead to state transitions. It is reset on every transaction execution.BlockGasMeter: keeps track of the gas consumed in a block and enforces that the gas does not go over a predefined limit. This limit is defined in the Tendermint consensus parameters and can be changed via governance parameter change proposals.
More information regarding gas in Cosmos SDK can be found here.
# Matching EVM Gas consumption
Ethermint is an EVM-compatible chain that supports Ethereum Web3 tooling. For this reason, gas consumption must be equitable in order to accurately calculate the state transition hashes and exact the behaviour that would be seen on the main Ethereum network (main net).
In Cosmos, there are types of operations that are not triggered by transactions that can also result in state transitions. Concrete examples are the BeginBlock and EndBlock operations and the AnteHandler checks, which might also read and write to the store before running the state transition from a transaction.
# BeginBlock and EndBlock
These operations are defined by the Tendermint Core's Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI) and are defined by each Cosmos SDK module. As their name suggest, they are executed at the beginning and at the end of each block processing respectively (i.e pre and post transaction execution). Since these operations are not reflected on Ethereum, to match the the gas consumption we reset the main GasMeter to 0 on Ethermint's EVM module.
# AnteHandler
The Cosmos SDK AnteHandler
performs basic checks prior to transaction execution. These checks are usually signature
verification, transaction field validation, transaction fees, etc.
Because the gas calculated in Ethermint is done by the IntrinsicGas method from go-ethereum, a
special AnteHandler that is customized for EVM transaction fee verification is required. This
allows Ethermint to generate the expected gas costs for operations done in the network and scale the
gas costs as it would in the Ethereum network.
# Gas Refunds
In Ethereum, gas can be specified prior to execution and the remaining gas will be refunded back to the user if any gas is left over - should fail with out of gas if not enough gas was provided. In Ethermint, the concept of gas refunds does not exist and the fees paid is not refunded in part back to the user. The fees exacted on a transaction will be collected by the validator and no refunds are issued. Thus, it is extremely important to use the correct gas.
To prevent overspending on fees, providing the --gas-adjustment flag for a cosmos transactions
will determine the fees automatically. Also the eth_estimateGas rpc call can be used to manually
get the correct gas costs for a transaction.
# 0 Fee Transactions
In Cosmos, a minimum gas price is not enforced by the AnteHandler as the min-gas-prices is
checked against the local node/validator. In other words, the minimum fees accepted are determined
by the validators of the network, and each validator can specify a different value for their fees.
This potentially allows end users to submit 0 fee transactions if there is at least one single
validator that is willing to include transactions with 0 gas price in their blocks proposed.
For this same reason, in Ethermint it is possible to send transactions with 0 fees for transaction
types other than the ones defined by the evm module. EVM module transactions cannot have 0 fees
as gas is required inherently by Ethereum. This check is done by the evm transactions
ValidateBasic function as well as on the custom AnteHandler defined by Ethermint.
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